The invention and development of braces, or orthodontic devices, to correct misaligned teeth and jaws, has a long history that spans several centuries:

1. Early Beginnings:

- The concept of straightening teeth is not new and can be traced back to ancient civilizations. Archaeological discoveries, including mummified remains with crude metal bands wrapped around individual teeth, suggest that the ancient Egyptians attempted to straighten teeth.

- Writings by ancient Roman and Greek physicians, including Aulus Cornelius Celsus and Hippocrates, also discuss methods of straightening teeth.

2. 18th Century Developments:

- The 18th century marked significant advancements. In 1728, Pierre Fauchard, a French dentist known as the "Father of Modern Dentistry," published a book where he described using a "Bandeau," a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron to correct tooth alignment.

- Later in the century, another French dentist, Christophe-François Delabarre, introduced the wire crib, which marks the beginning of contemporary orthodontics.

3. 19th Century:

- The 19th century saw further developments. Dentists began using materials like gold, silver, steel, gum rubber, and vulcanite for wires and bands to improve teeth alignment.

- In 1819, Delabarre's wire crib evolved into the first modern wire braces, thanks to the efforts of Louis Bourdet, dentist to the King of France. He improved upon Fauchard's designs and significantly contributed to orthodontics.

4. 20th Century Innovations:

- Orthodontics became a dental specialty in the early 20th century. Edward Angle, considered the "Father of Modern Orthodontics," identified the true properties of malocclusion (misalignment of teeth) and emphasized the importance of proper tooth alignment and function.

- Angle developed the first simple classification system for malocclusions and standardized orthodontic appliances, moving away from heavy, cumbersome devices to lighter and more effective ones.

5. Introduction of Stainless Steel:

- In the 1930s, stainless steel replaced gold and silver as the primary material for braces, making them more affordable and accessible.

6. Bonding Techniques:

- In the 1970s, direct bonding of brackets to teeth surfaces became possible, a significant improvement over the previous method of wrapping wires around each tooth.

7. Contemporary Advances:

- Today, braces have evolved with advancements like clear ceramic braces, lingual braces (attached to the back of teeth), and clear aligners like Invisalign. These modern solutions offer aesthetic and comfort benefits over traditional metal braces.

The history of braces reflects the evolution of dental science and a growing understanding of orthodontics. From early attempts with crude materials to today's sophisticated, customized orthodontic treatments, the goal has always been to improve dental function and aesthetic appearance.