Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a bacterial infection that affects the tissues that support and surround the teeth. It is caused by the build up of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth and gums.

There are two main stages of periodontal disease:

1. Gingivitis: Gingivitis is the early stage of periodontal disease and is characterized by inflammation of the gums. Symptoms of gingivitis may include redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums during brushing or flossing.

2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, which is a more severe form of gum disease. In periodontitis, the gum tissue pulls away from the teeth, creating pockets that become infected with bacteria. Over time, the infection can damage the bone and tissue that support the teeth, leading to tooth loss.

Risk factors for periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking, genetics, certain medications, and underlying health conditions such as diabetes.

Prevention of periodontal disease involves maintaining good oral hygiene habits, such as brushing and flossing regularly, using an antiseptic mouthwash, and visiting the dentist for regular checkups and cleanings. Avoiding tobacco products and maintaining a healthy diet can also help to reduce the risk of gum disease.