A periodontal index is a standardized system used by dentists and periodontists (gum specialists) to assess the health of a patient's gums and supporting structures, including the bone surrounding the teeth. These indices help dental professionals evaluate the presence and severity of periodontal (gum) disease and monitor the progression of the disease over time. One of the most widely used periodontal indices is the Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) or Periodontal Disease Index.

Here's how dentists make sure that your gums and bone are healthy using periodontal indices and other assessments:

1. Clinical Examination: During a routine dental check-up, your dentist or dental hygienist will perform a clinical examination of your gums and teeth. They will use specialized dental instruments, such as a periodontal probe, to measure the depth of the spaces (pockets) between your teeth and gums. Healthy gums typically have shallow pocket depths, while deeper pockets can indicate gum disease.

2. Periodontal Indices: Dentists may use periodontal indices like PSR to assess the overall health of your gums. The PSR, for example, assigns a numerical score to each sextant of your mouth (groups of teeth), based on the deepest pocket depth found. This score helps classify the severity of gum disease, if present.

3. X-rays: Dental X-rays, such as bitewing and panoramic X-rays, provide important information about the health of the bone surrounding your teeth. Changes in bone density or bone loss can be detected through X-ray images.

4. Visual Inspection: Dentists visually inspect your gums for signs of inflammation, redness, swelling, or bleeding during the examination. They also look for other indications of gum disease, such as gum recession, tooth mobility, and the presence of plaque or tartar (calcified plaque) buildup.

5. Gum Disease Assessment: Dentists may ask about symptoms like bleeding gums, bad breath (halitosis), and changes in tooth positioning or alignment, as these can be signs of gum disease.

6. Health History: Your dentist will review your medical and dental history, as certain medical conditions and medications can affect gum health.

7. Patient Education: Dentists often provide information and guidance on oral hygiene practices, including proper brushing and flossing techniques. They may also offer recommendations for lifestyle changes and dental treatments, if necessary.

Based on the findings of these assessments, your dentist will determine the status of your gum and bone health and develop an appropriate treatment plan if any issues are identified. Treatment options may include professional dental cleanings (scaling and root planning), antibiotics, improved oral hygiene practices, and, in more severe cases, gum surgery.

Regular dental check-ups and maintaining good oral hygiene at home are essential for ensuring the health of your gums and supporting bone structures. Early detection and intervention can help prevent the progression of gum disease and maintain your overall oral health.